Perils of biomarkers of exposure vs. external exposure estimates

Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds--comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure.

Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized. The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of different exposure pathways of PFCs in a group of Norwegians and compare estimated intakes with internal doses obtained through biomonitoring. Individual PFC intakes ...

Chemical Risk without Concurrent External Exposure!

External exposure from radionuclides in soil: analytical vs

The external gamma irradiation resulting from radionuclides deposited on the ground surface can be an important source of radiation exposure. The assessment of this irradiation is extremely complex due to the large number of environmental factors which affect the gamma photon flux in air originating from the ground. The source energy affects the interaction between the radiation and the medium,...

Biomarkers of environmental benzene exposure.

Environmental exposures to benzene result in increases in body burden that are reflected in various biomarkers of exposure, including benzene in exhaled breath, benzene in blood and urinary trans-trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid. A review of the literature indicates that these biomarkers can be used to distinguish populations with different levels of exposure (such as smokers fro...

Exposure and Biomarkers

Since Swedish scientists discovered the presence of acrylamide in foods produced for human consumption in April 2002, considerable progress has been made toward determining acrylamide levels in various foods and food groups. Progress has also been made in establishing biomarkers of acrylamide exposure, although no biomarker is currently able to determine the source of the exposure (e.g. food ve...